Inadequate user requirements are a major contributor to project failure. These methods are grouped under design because their major contributions are made in the design phase however, it is important to note that they are also used in defining the context of use and in evaluating design outcomes as part of system operation. As with the descriptions in Chapter 6, each type of method is described in terms of uses, shared representations, contributions to the system design phases, and strengths, limitations, and gaps. The types of methods included here are work domain analysis, workload assessment, situation awareness assessment, participatory design contextual design physical ergonomics methods for analyzing and mitigating fatigue, and the use of prototyping, scenarios, persona, and models and simulations. We begin with a discussion of the need for and the methods used to establish requirements based on the concept of user-centered design. Rather they provide a structure and context in which innovation can take place. The methods are not a substitute for creativity or inventiveness. The methods discussed in this chapter are intended to support identification and exploration of design alternatives to meet the requirements revealed by analyses of opportunity space and context of use. Design is fundamentally an innovative process.
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